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Supervision for Instructional Improvement Essay - 1

Oversight for Instructional Improvement - Essay Example For at some point now, Bruce Joyce and his partners have been stating that commonplace staff advancement â€Å"probably won't produce the measure of progress important to influence understudy achievement†. Rather they advocate alongside Sparks, Fullan and others - the formation of the sort of â€Å"Communities of teachers† who take part in engaged, repeating patterns of guidance, appraisal, and alteration of instruction†.(Joyce and Showers 2002) â€Å"Research stresses that training is an essential for the execution of new abilities strategy†( Showers, Joyce and Bennett 1987). Pioneers must know that the arrangement of continuous help is critical to the fruitful accomplishment of a development. In this way, one of the main staff advancement activities to be offered to educators in the study hall, is peer training. For staff improvement master Thomas Guskey, the guarantee of expert advancement has gone â€Å"largely unfulfilled†. The arrangement in st aff advancement is work around â€Å"collaborative exchange†, in which â€Å"teachers cooperate, think about their training, trade thoughts, and offer strategies†(Guskey 2003) Richard Stiggins composes that 2 â€Å"assessment literacy†, is so necessary to the continuous improvement of guidance in â€Å"learning teams† â€Å"Work shops†, he says â€Å"will not work†, they â€Å"do not† grant the utilization of and experimentation with new evaluation thoughts in genuine study halls, and imparting that experience to different partners in a group effort†(Stiggins 1999).

How Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT) Works

How Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT) Works Depression Treatment Print Overview of Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT) By Nancy Schimelpfening Nancy Schimelpfening, MS is the administrator for the non-profit depression support group Depression Sanctuary. Nancy has a lifetime of experience with depression, experiencing firsthand how devastating this illness can be. Learn about our editorial policy Nancy Schimelpfening Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on June 05, 2017 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on February 04, 2020 Kai Wiechmann / DigitalVision / Getty Images More in Depression Treatment Medication Causes Symptoms Diagnosis Types Childhood Depression Suicide In This Article Table of Contents Expand History How It Works DBT Strategies Is It Right for You? View All Back To Top Dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) is a type of cognitive behavioral therapy. Its main goals are to teach people how to live in the moment, cope healthily with stress, regulate emotions, and improve relationships with others.?? It was originally intended for people with borderline personality  disorder  (BPD) but has since been adapted for other conditions where the person exhibits  self-destructive behavior, such as  disordered eating  and  substance misuse.?? It is also sometimes used to treat post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). History DBT was developed in the late 1980s by Dr. Marsha Linehan and colleagues when they discovered that cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) alone did not work as well as expected in patients with BPD. Dr. Linehan and her team added techniques and developed a treatment that would meet the unique needs of these patients.?? DBT is derived from a philosophical process called dialectics. Dialectics is based on the concept that everything is composed of opposites and that change occurs when one opposing force is stronger than the other, or in more academic termsâ€"thesis, antithesis, and synthesis.   More specifically, dialectics makes three basic assumptions:?? All things are interconnected.Change is constant and inevitable.Opposites can be integrated to form a closer approximation of the truth. In DBT, the patient and therapist are working to resolve the seeming contradiction between self-acceptance and change in order to bring about positive changes in the patient. Another technique offered by Linehan and her colleagues was validation. Linehan and her team found that with validation, along with the push for change, patients were more likely to cooperate and less likely to suffer distress at the idea of change. The therapist validates that the persons actions make sense within the context of their personal experiences without necessarily agreeing that they are the best approach to solving the problem. How It Works DBT has now evolved into a standard type of cognitive behavioral therapy. When a person is undergoing DBT, they can expect to participate in three therapeutic settings:  ?? A classroom where a person is taught behavioral skills by doing homework assignments and  role-playing  new ways of interacting with people. Typically, the class meets for two to three hours on a weekly basis.Individual therapy with a trained professional where those learned behavioral skills are adapted to the persons personal life challenges. (Running concurrently with the classroom work, individual therapy sessions usually last for 60 minutes, once a week.)Phone coaching in which a person can call their therapist in between sessions to receive guidance on coping with a difficult at-the-moment situation. In DBT, individual therapists also meet with a consultation team to help them stay motivated in treating their patients and help them navigate difficult and complex issues. While each therapeutic setting has its own set structure and goals, the following characteristics of DBT are found in group skills training, individual psychotherapy, and phone coaching:?? Support: Youll be encouraged to recognize your positive strengths and attributes and develop and use them.Behavioral: Youll learn to analyze any problem or destructive behavior patterns and replace them with healthy and effective ones.Cognitive: Youll focus on changing thoughts or beliefs and behavior or actions that are not effective or helpful.    Skill sets:  You’ll learn new skills to enhance your capabilities.Acceptance and change: You’ll learn strategies to accept and tolerate your life, emotions, and yourself as well as skills to help you make positive changes in your behaviors and interactions with others.Collaboration:  Youll learn to communicate effectively and work together as a team (therapist, group therapist, psychiatrist). DBT Strategies People undergoing DBT are taught how to effectively change their behavior using four main strategies.?? Core Mindfulness Mindfulness skills, which is perhaps the most important strategy in DBT, teaches you to focus on the present or “live in the moment.” By doing so, you can learn to pay attention to whats going on inside of you (thoughts, feelings, sensations, impulses) as well as whats outside of you (what you see, hear, smell, and touch). These skills will help you to slow down so you can focus on healthy coping skills in the midst of emotional pain. Mindfulness can help you to stay calm and avoid engaging in automatic negative thought patterns and impulsive behavior. Sample Exercise: Observe Mindfulness Skill Pay attention to your breath. Take note of the sensation of inhaling and exhaling, observing your belly rise and fall as you breathe. Distress Tolerance Distress tolerance teaches you to accept yourself and the current situation. More specifically, you learn how to tolerate or survive crises using four techniques: distraction, self-soothing, improving the movement, and thinking of pros and cons.  By learning distress tolerance techniques, youll be able to prepare in advance for any intense emotions and cope with them with a more positive long-term outlook. Sample Exercise: Putting Your Body in Charge Run up and down the stairs. If youre inside, go outside. If youre sitting, get up and walk around. The idea is to distract yourself by allowing your emotions to follow your body. Interpersonal Effectiveness Interpersonal effectiveness helps you to become more assertive in a relationship (for example, expressing needs and saying no) while still keeping that relationship positive and healthy. This happens by learning to listen and communicate effectively, deal with difficult people, and respect yourself and others. Sample Exercise: GIVE Use the acronym GIVE to improve relationships and positive communication:Gentle: Dont attack, threaten, or judgeInterest: Show interest with good listening skills (dont interrupt to speak)Validate: Acknowledge the persons thoughts and feelingsEasy: Try to have an easy attitude (smile and stay light-hearted) Emotion Regulation Emotion regulation provides a set of skills that help to keep your emotional system healthy and functioning. It teaches you to adjust your emotions, including the intensity, when you have it, and how you react to it. By recognizing and coping with negative emotions (for example, anger), you can reduce your emotional vulnerability and have more positive emotional experiences. Sample Exercise: Opposite Action Identify how youre feeling and do the opposite. If youre sad and feel like withdrawing from friends and family, do the opposite. Make plans to see family and friends and stay social. Is DBT Right for You? While the majority of research to date has focused on the effectiveness of DBT for people with borderline personality disorder, as well as co-occurring thoughts of suicide and self-harm, post-traumatic stress disorder, and substance use disorders, ??DBT has also been shown to work for a variety of mental health conditions including:?? Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)Binge eating disorderBipolar disorderBulimiaGeneralized anxiety disorderMajor depressive disorder (including treatment-resistant major depression and chronic depression)Post-traumatic stress disorderSubstance use disorderSuicidal and self-harming behavior Researchers have also found that DBT is effective regardless of age, sex, sexual orientation, and race/ethnicity.?? The best way to figure out if DBT is right for you is to talk with a mental health professional, who will evaluate your symptoms, treatment history, and therapy goals to determine the best next step. A Word From Verywell If you believe that you or a loved one may benefit from DBT, please seek guidance from a doctor or healthcare professional trained in this treatment approach. DBT therapists arent always easy to locate. How to Find Dialectical Behavior Therapy for BPD Near You You can begin your search with the  Clinical Resource Directory  maintained by Behavioral Tech, an organization founded by Dr. Linehan, to train mental health professionals in DBT. This directory allows you to search by state for clinicians and programs that have gone through DBT training with Behavioral Tech, LLC, or the Behavioral Research and Therapy Clinics at the University of Washington. Another option is to ask your physician, therapist, or psychologist to refer you to someone who specializes in DBT. Try DBT With an Online Therapist

Preventing Teen And Unplanned Pregnancy - 865 Words

A big part of our society believes that women, especially poor women, should act responsibly and delay parenthood until they can financially afford it. In fact, for a good part of our society poor women should find the way to be able to support their children without government help. And here is the question that a good amount of people ask: Why do these women continue to bring more children to this world if they don’t have the means to support them? According to a new study from The National Campaign to Prevent Teen and Unplanned Pregnancy, the teen birth rate is nearly one-third higher in rural areas of the United States than it is in more populous areas of the country, and teen pregnancy rates have been much slower to decline in rural counties over the past decade. The advocacy organization notes that while no single reason explains the difference in teen birth rates across regions, adolescents in rural areas likely have particular barriers to contraceptive services. Lower income families tend to have more children because they lack access to birth control, they lack right training regarding how to use birth control and how to acquire them, and of course, most of the times they don’t have family planning resources like a simple â€Å"free clinic† or Planned Parenthood. In Hand to Mouth, Linda Tirado addresses how in low income neighborhoods, she has seen sexual health campaigns encouraging sex abstinence, which by the way, is the most effective way to prevent pregnancies andShow MoreRelatedTeenage Pregnancy During U.s. And U.k986 Words   |  4 PagesTeenage Pregnancy in U.S. and U.K. Unplanned teenage pregnancy has been a problem in the U.S. and U.K. for many years. While both countries have taken measures to prevent this, it is still an issue. Gerard Lemos, author of Give Parents an Incentive, discusses how the U.K. government has been attempting to reduce the rates of teenage pregnancy. Lemos writes about the problems that teenagers face when they have children so young. One of the main issues brought up is the fact that young parents doRead MoreTeen Parenthood Essay1304 Words   |  6 Pageshappening and look for a solution. As teen and unplanned pregnancy become of a problem in society, planned parenthood is taking the bull by the horns and providing younger and older mothers alike with solutions such as birth control, abortion, and implants. According to â€Å"Us Abortions Stats† within the last 10 years, teen pregnancy has become more of a problem among teenagers and in turn has caused abortion rates to rise (US Abortion Stats. Par 1) As teenage pregnancy is become more of a rising problemRead MoreTeenage Pregnancy Rates Among Ethnicities1059 Words   |  5 Pages Teen Pregnancy Rates Among Ethnicities Dr. Maria Reid Florida International University Friday, June 17, 2016 Vanessa Romano Stephanie Maquieira Teenage pregnancy has been viewed as an issue for many years, not only for teenage mothers but for babies as well. Much importance has been placed on this subject for the reason that although these rates are declining, they remain elevated. The United States represents over 600,000 American teen pregnancies every year, making this the highestRead MoreTeen Pregnancy And Public Perception1498 Words   |  6 PagesThe purpose of this chapter is to provide a literature review of teen pregnancy and public perception. The chapter will begin by examining the decrease of teen pregnancy in America. It will transition to understanding the emotional effects on teen mothers and depict how a pregnant teen’s life could be altered. It will conclude by discussing how the topic of teen pregnancy has caused the President of the United States to take a closer look. This chapter will end with a summary of my research findingsRead MoreEssay about The Underlying Causes of Teen Pregnancy1363 Wo rds   |  6 Pages Before successfully preventing teen pregnancies among teenage girls, there are many underlying causes and facts about the dilemma that must be first exposed. Children from homes run by teenage mothers have to face almost insurmountable obstacles in life. The incidents of depression and mental health problems, the lack of father figures, and the high rate of poverty often connected to children in homes run by teenage mothers put them at serious disadvantages when compared to children raised in nuclearRead MoreLow Income Black And Hispanic Adolescent Females Essay1532 Words   |  7 Pagesexperiencing an unplanned pregnancy. Increased utilization of dual contraception is of great importance in these communities. Adolescent females in general are less likely to use dual forms of protection from STD’s and unplanned pregnancy. Young women, due to their anatomy tend to be more susceptible to STD’s than are young men. Black and Hispanic females are 4.9x and 2.1x, respectively, more likely to contract chlamydia (which is a common STD) than their white counterparts. When it comes to pregnancy 3 inRead MoreTeen Pregnancy And Teenage Pregnancy1551 Words   |  7 PagesTeen pregnancy is something that affects over one million young teens in the United States. For some, these pregnancies are planned but 85% of these teens the pregnancy is unplanned. This can cause a lot of endless problems in the life of the teen and the newborn child. There are a lot of things that can cause an unplanned teen pregnancy, such as teens experimenting with sexual encounters at a young age. Another major cause is the lack of guidance due to guardians that are blind or do not want toRead MoreEffects Of Birth Control On Children1719 Words   |  7 Pagesis mainly taken to prevent pregnancy, make menstrual cycles lighter and more regular, and help prevent or treat certain diseases or conditions. Birth control may also cause women to encounter side effects like nausea, headaches, weight gain or loss, or mood swings. Despite these side effects, birth control is a very effective and beneficial drug that is used by countless women worldwide. Birth control, also named contraceptive, is a drug widely used to prevent pregnancy and other different medicalRead MoreThe Effects Of Teen Pregnancy On Children845 Words   |  4 Pagesinstance, one-third of pregnant teens (15-19) receives no prenatal care during the first trimester of pregnancy; this number has increased to 50% for girls under 15. Most teens are still developing physically, and mentally this also means they’re much more likely to have premature babies or preterm labor. Preterm and/or low birth weight babies often have developmental disabilities or medical conditions that require regular physical therapy. In every 10th American teen girl one will get pregnant atRead MoreComprehensive Sexual Education Of The United States1219 Words   |  5 Pagescontraceptives to avoid sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) and unplanned pregnancies. As well as, the skills needed to help young people explore their own values and options. Comprehensive sexual education should be taught in the United States to provide teenagers with an evidence-based approach to healthy decision making in their sexual lives. The two main risks of becoming sexually active at a young age are unintended pregnancies and STDs. Both of which can be prevented by a proper education in

Corruption in Zambia and Measures to Address It - 2570 Words

Introduction One of the major tasks of government is to provide goods and services to the people. There are however many factors that hinder the smooth delivery of goods and services. Corruption is one of the factors. A link has been established between corruption and economic stagnation. Corruption leads to misallocation of resources meant for uplifting of the majority members of the public for the benefit of a few. It is a universal scourge that has been described differently by various schools of thought. It tends to limit citizens access to free goods and services and reduces freedom of political choice in elections. It can also be linked to the escalation of poverty, as the prevalence of corrupt practices socially excludes the poor†¦show more content†¦In 2008 however, the Transparency International’s Corruption Perception Index (CPI) slightly improved, awarding Zambia a score of 2, 8, suggesting progress in terms of control of corruption, as perceived by analysts and busines smen (2008). This could indicate that Zambia’s efforts against corruption are slowly starting to yield results. However, there is still a long way to go. Strategies employed and their efficiencies There are a number of laws put in place to combat corruption (National anti-Corruption policy: 2009). These laws are meant to empower different institutions in the fight against corruption. They include: the Anti-Corruption Commission (ACC) Act No. 42 of 1996; Public Procurement Act No. 12 of 2008; Parliamentary and Ministerial Code of Conduct Act No. 35 0f 1994; The Electoral Act No. 12 of 2006; The Prohibition and Prevention of Money Laundering Act No. 14 of 2001; The Bank of Zambia Anti-Money Laundering Directives 2004. Despite the above legal framework, there are still challenges to the fight against corruption such as enhancing and harmonising anti-corruption laws and regulations, reviewing and enacting relevant legislation in the fight against corruption and domesticating provisions in international instruments. With the aforementioned legal framework prevailing to combat corruption, it is necessary to examine the institutional framework that exists to implement the laws established. The National Anti-CorruptionShow MoreRelatedCorruption in Zambia and Measures to Address It2578 Words   |  11 PagesIntroduction One of the major tasks of government is to provide goods and services to the people. There are however many factors that hinder the smooth delivery of goods and services. Corruption is one of the factors. A link has been established between corruption and economic stagnation. Corruption leads to misallocation of resources meant for uplifting of the majority members of the public for the benefit of a few. It is a universal scourge that has been described differently by various schoolsRead MoreEssay on Poverty Situation in Zambia2617 Words   |  11 PagesFrom being one of the most prosperous countries in sub Sahara Africa, Zambia has experienced a sharp decline, a crush, of its economy, which has had a great adverse impact on the quality of 10 million people. The decline started with the rising oil prices of the mid 1970s, which coincided with the drop in world copper prices being the mainstay of Zambian economy. The droughts which were experienced in the early 1980s have persisted into the 1990s and their impact has contributed to the declineRead MoreDiscuss the Importance of Non Verbal Communication to Education24125 Words   |  97 Pagesdue to caring responsibilities. Project likely to lose trained beneficiaries and their knowledge, experience and labour.Some destitute children, often AIDS orphans, are forced into child labour. | Agricultural/rural development projects actively address in their regular activities the factors that increase vulnerability to HIV/AIDS. | Community development workers of a food security project assist in overcoming stigmatization of people living with HIV/AIDS and of AIDS orphans in a community. | Read MoreBudgeting Process10662 Words   |  43 Pagesfinances management in Zambia. 2. Gumboh Steven, (2004): MTEF Manual for Central Government: Zambia. 3. Mudenda Dale, (2005). The budgeting Processes and Economic Governance in Zambia: A Literature Review. 4. Bolnick Bruce, (1995): Establishing Fiscal Discipline: the Cash budget in Zambia. 5. Dinh Hinh, (2000) Cash Budget in Zambia: Stabilizations versus Growth and Poverty Reduction. 6. Mwanawina, I, M, (2002): Transparency and participation in the budgeting process: Zambia Country Report. 7. MwansaRead MoreBarrick Gold Corporation 3111 Words   |  13 Pagesthese developing countries. The Mineral Sector Policy of 1997 set the goal that mining would contribute 10% to Tanzania GDP by 2015. However, by 2010 mining’s contribution to GDP was only 2.3% (Tanzania Chamber of Minerals and Energy). Poverty and corruption have increased (Pegg, 2006), particularly, large-scale mining combined with weak governance of the rule of law has been found to be closely connected with human right abuses and forced displacement (Ballard and Banks, 2003). Governments from variousRead MoreThe Problem Of Conflict Mineral2082 Words   |  9 Pagesgenerators, planes, cars, everything.ii The issue with this industry is that these minerals are often harvested by a variety of military factions concentrated in Central Africa, then shipped across the porous border undeclared to Tanzania, Uganda, Burundi, Zambia, Zimbabwe, or Rwanda, smuggled to Africa’s eastern coast, and finally shipped to smelting factories in Southeast Asia and the Indian sub-continent.iii Once the minerals reach the smelting plant they are melted down with other shipments from aroundRead MoreFactors Affecting Fdi Inflow in Tanzania6173 Words   |  25 Pagesaccount imbalances in countries and for their contribution to broader economic growth, through technological spillovers and competition effects. Recent economic reports show that Tanzania lags behind neighbors Kenya, Democratic Republic of Congo, Zambia and also Madagascar in its ability to attract foreign investors. A ccording to a top economic official, the failure to execute pro-business reforms is keeping prospective foreign investors away from Tanzania. (Konye Obaji Ori, Afrik.com, ThursdayRead MoreCorporate Finance Practices in Frontier Markets and Malawis Economic Development3233 Words   |  13 Pagesthese three sources has its own limitations and strengths. Internet articles for instance are of increased actuality, yet they are not all entirely reliable. The articles in the specialized journals are more elaborate, yet they address niche topics. Last, the books address the topics in depth, but they can sometimes integrated outdated information. In order to maximize the advantages of these three categories of sources, the current project would be using them in a combined manner. 2. Frontier marketsRead MoreBusiness Ethics8707 Words   |  35 Pagesconnection between ethics and organisational success. They acknowledge that the passionate preservation of corporate reputation, respect for the preferences of ethically discerning consumers, and the protection of company assets against fraud and corruption result in investor confidence and good business. 3. RIMS 3.1 Evaluation of all points of view Currently, 1.5 million Zimbabweans are living with AIDS. One in every four sexually active Zimbabweans is estimated to be infected with the virus whileRead More Preventing the export of conflict diamonds in the Democratic Republic of the Congo4642 Words   |  19 Pagessupport mainly in order to get a share of the diamond market in the DRC. In exchange for assistance in the war, the countries involved received rights to set up joint business ventures with the DRC. In July 1999 during a peace conference in Lusaka, Zambia, the leaders of the six governments involved signed a cease-fire agreement. The leaders of the two main rebel groups also signed the treaty. All sides agreed to end hostilities and withdraw foreign troops from the DRC. While Kabila and his allies

Economic Free Essays

QUESTION 1 (a) Expected Selling Price Price (r)| Probability (p)| Expected Selling Price | | | r= r x p | 10,000| 0. 2| 2000| 15,000| 0. 3| 4500| 20,000| 0. We will write a custom essay sample on Economic or any similar topic only for you Order Now 4| 8000| 25,000| 0. 1| 2500| | | 17000| | | | | | | (b) Standard Deviation Price (r)| Probability (p)| (r – r )2 p| |   |   | 10,000| 0. 2| 9,800,000| 15,000| 0. 3| 1,200,000| 20,000| 0. 4| 3,600,000| 25,000| 0. 1| 6,400,000| |   | 21,000,000| | | | | ?=(r – r )2 p ?=21,000,000 ?=4582. 5756 (c) Coefficient of variation v=? r v=4582. 75617,000 v=0. 26956 QUESTION 2 (d) Output level of Maximize profits MR=MC Q=8 (e) Total Profit at profit maximizing output level Total Profit = Total Revenue – Total Cost = 216 – 124 = 92 QUESTION 3 TC = 20 + 5Q + Q2 Q = 25 – P P = 25 – Q (a) Total Profit = Total Revenue – Total Cost = ( P x Q ) – TC = ( 25 – Q ) (Q) – ( 20 + 5Q + Q2 ) = 25Q – Q2 – 20- 5Q – Q2 = – 2Q2 + 20Q – 20 (b) TR = 25Q – Q2MR=dTRdQ=25-2Q| TC = 20 + 5Q + Q2MC=dTCdQ=5+2Q| MR=MC 25-2Q =5+2Q -2Q-2Q=5-25 -4Q= -20 Q=5 (c)Total Profit = – 2Q2 + 20Q – 20= – 2(52) + 20(5) – 20 = -50 +100-20 = 30 | Selling Price = 25 – Q = 25 – 5 = 20 | (d) TP = – 2Q2 + 20Q – 25 dTPdQ=-4Q+20 dTPdQ=0 -4Q+20=0 -4Q= -20 Q=5| Total Profit = – 2Q2 + 20Q – 25= – 2(52) + 20(5) – 25 = -50 +100-25 = 25 | Even fixed cost change, output still 5. (e) TR = 25Q – Q2MR=dTRdQ=25-2 Q| TC = 20 + 5Q + Q2MC=dTCdQ=5+2Q| QUESTION 4 a) Ex=Q2-Q1P2-P1 ? P2 + P1Q2 + Q1 -2. 2=10,000-8,000P2-2. 98 ? P2 +2. 98110,000 +8,000 -2. 2=2,000 (P2 +2. 981)18,000 (P2-2. 98 ) -2. 2=2,000P2 +5,96018,000 P2-53,640 ) QUESTION 5 (a) (b) Estimated Regression b=n xy- x? yn x2-( x)2 =7552. 34- 50. 9(75. 6)7374. 51- (50. 9)2 =3866. 33-3848. 042621. 57-2590. 81 =18. 3430. 76 =0. 5962 y= yn=75. 67=10. 8| x= xn=50. 97=7. 2714| a=y-b x = 10. 8 – 0. 5962 (7. 2714) = 10. 8 – 4. 3352 = 6. 4648 Y= 6. 4648 + 0. 5962X (c) Hypothesis Testing H0 : ? =0Ha : 0 Se = y2-a y-b xyn -2 =818. 08-6. 464875. 6- 0. 5962(552. 34)7 -2 =818. 08-488. 74- 329. 315 =0. 08487 Sb =Se2 x2 –( x)2n =0. 084872374. 51 –(50. 9)27 =0. 00720244. 3943 =0. 04049 t=b- ? Sb =0. 5962-00. 04049 =14. 7264 t0. 052 , n-2=2. 571 From the t-distribution, the value is 2. 571. since the calculated t-value (14. 7264) is greater than value from the table, we reject null hypothesis that there is no relationship between the variable. (d) Proportion of total variation r2=SSRSST= (y – y )2 (y – y )2 = 1. 562081. 6 =0. 763 @ 97. 63% The regression equation â€Å"explains† 97. 63% of variation in the company sales. (e) F=SSRSST= (y – y )2 (y – y )2 n-2 = 1. 562080. 037897-2 = 206. 1335 The value of (F0. 05 , 1,5) from the F-distribution 6. 61. Since the calculated F-value (206. 1335) is greater than value from the table, we reject null hypothesis that there is no relationship between the no of construction permits issued and sales. (f) Y= 6. 4648 + 0. 5962X Y= 6. 4648 + 0. 5962(8. 00) Estimated sales for Phoenix Lumber Company in 1998 would be 11. 234 million. How to cite Economic, Papers

Meiji Strategy For Economic Growth Essays - Empire Of Japan, Asia

Meiji Strategy for Economic Growth The Meiji government during the 1880's created both an institutional and constitution structure that allowed Japan in the coming decades to be a stabile and industrializing country. Two major policies and strategies that reinforced stability and economic modernization in Japan were the creation of a national public education system and the ratification of the Meiji constitution. Both these aided in stability and thus economic growth. The creation of a national education system aided in creating stability because it indoctrinated youth in the ideas of loyalty, patriotism, and obedience. Japan's education system at first stressed free thought and the ideas of individual's exploration of knowledge but by 1890 the education system of Japan became a tool for indoctrination into what Peter Duus calls "a kind of civil religion" with the Imperial Rescript on Education. This Rescript stressed two things. First, it stressed loyalty to the emperor and to a lesser extant to the state. In every classroom a picture of the emperor was placed. Second, the education system stressed self sacrifice to the state and family. Filial piety was taught in schools and applied not only to the family but also to the national family which included father, teacher, official and employer. The Japanese education system also created a system of technical schools and universities both public and private that educated a growing class of Japanese on how to use new western machinery, administrate government and run private industries. The Japanese education system following the Rescript on Education served primarily to teach people what to think and not how to think; and as Edwin Reischauer stated, "Japan pioneered in the modern totalitarian technique of using the educational system for indoctrination and was in fact decades ahead of countries like Germany in perfecting these techniques." Japan's education system was a tool in creating for Japan a reliable citizenry who respected the government and had the knowledge to act as "technically efficient clogs" in the new industries and administration that an industrializing state created. The ratification of the Meiji constitution drafted in the summer of 1887 and signed into law in 1889 helped create a stable constitutional order in Japan. The constitution was a gift of the emperor to the people and was made up of a complicated set of checks and balances between the emperor, his cabinet, and the Diet. The constitution although it granted voting rights to only one percent of the population in Japan was well received by the people and played a critical role in lending legitimacy to the oligarchy (Genro) who ran the government. Before the constitution the Genro had little basis in theory for their continued rule other then they spoke for the emperor. But the constitution with its elections and bicameral diet lender legitimacy to the rule of the oligarchy. The constitution also brought Japan at least in the minds of the oligarchy to parity with western political institutions. Indeed, the ruling group in Japan passed the constitution through not because of popular pressure but because they thought a constitution and parliamentary government was a necessary part of the political machinery that helped make western powers strong. In the long term the parliamentary government of Japan and its constitution provided a stable government with its mix of oligarchy, monarchy, and a little democracy for the wealthy. It ensured investors and the Zaibutsu a say in government and promoted growth by creating a stabile government that was critical to ensuring investors will put capital in businesses. Both the new education and governmental structure of Japan passed in the 1880's and 1890's was essential to Japanese stability and economic and industrial growth.

How much sympathy does the character, John Proctor Essay Example

How much sympathy does the character, John Proctor Essay Example How much sympathy does the character, John Proctor Paper How much sympathy does the character, John Proctor Paper Essay Topic: Literature Although there is enough evidence proving the fact that John Proctor is entirely responsible for his marital difficulties and his own downfall, the playwright, Arthur Miller, makes it hard for the audience not to sympathise with Proctor, when he decides to hang rather than sign his name to his confession. The audience first meets John Proctor in Act One, where he is portrayed as a powerful man. I forbid you leave this house, did I not. Now get you home! This mood changes when Mary Warren leaves and he is left alone with Abigail. She flirts with him, Gah! Id almost forgot how strong you are, John Proctor! His response is evident to the audience through Arthur Millers use of stage directions, looking at Abigail now, the faintest suggestion of a knowing smile on his face. He now completely changes the subject, Whats mischief here? Although John Proctor has ended their affair, he cannot restrain from teasing her and saying things, which she may see as a come-on, being the impressionable teenage girl that she is, ah, youre wicked yet, arent y! She is not ashamed of this fact, but is proud instead, a trill of expectant laughter escapes her, and she dares come closer, feverishly looking into his eyes. As Proctor starts towards the door, she springs into his path. She then says, give me a word, John. A soft word. Abigail believes she can tempt him, as Elizabeth is a sickly wife. Her dream is shattered when he replies, No, no, Abby. Thats done with. Abigail starts to become angry, and says things about Elizabeth, She is a cold, snivelling woman, and you bend to her! This has hit a nerve, and whilst shaking her John says Do you look for a whippin? In tears Abigail replies, I look for the John Proctor that took me from my sleep and put knowledge in my heart! This shows that she has adult feelings for John, which he had taught her and cannot be forgotten. Their affair took her strict Puritan innocence away and if anyone were to find out, their honest reputation would be severely damaged. Although both John and Abigail have intimate feelings for each other, they cannot return to being lovers, as John has greater feelings for his wife. John also has a sense of guilt, as Elizabeth is willing to forgive and forget his affair, which he does not deserve, and to go back to her would be a big mistake. Arthur Millers stage directions give the audience a real feel for the emotions emitted in the play, as they can imagine what is happening in the speech. Without shaking her and in tears the audience would not know how the characters are feeling. Act Two begins with some detailed stage directions. It is explaining a typical Puritan family of that time; the husband, John, comes home from working on the field, and the wife, Elizabeth, singing to the children. He enters the house and notices a pot in the fireplace. He smells it and is not quite pleased. He then drops a pinch of salt into it, tastes it again. The one pinch of salt would not have made the slightest of difference, but he still wants to be the head of the house, despite his affair with Abigail, which would have destroyed their family. This proves John is still the dominant member of the family. When he hears her footsteps on the stairs he swings the pot back into the fireplace. They then have a strained conversation, which mainly involves John asking her questions and Elizabeth replying in short or one-word answers, Are you well today? I am. She brings the stew to him and as he tastes it he says, Its well seasoned. Later on he says to Elizabeth, Let you look sometimes for the goodness in me, and judge me not. She replies, I do not judge you. The magistrate sits in your heart that judges you. This means that she cannot forgive him until he has forgiven himself. She then says he is bewildered, and he responds whilst laughing bitterly, Oh, Elizabeth, your justice would freeze beer. John somehow thinks that she has judged him harshly and hadnt shown him enough justice. During Act Four, the tension and coldness from Act Two has gone, as John is talking to Elizabeth after being parted. Once they have discussed the events of the trials, John says to Elizabeth, I have been thinking I would confess to them, Elizabeth. What say you if I give them that? Elizabeth replies, I cannot judge you John. She believes that John is one again righteous as he has the courage to face the injustice of the court. John now is trying to make their relationship better, and communicates with her as he would have done before he affair, I would have your forgiveness, Elizabeth. She replies, It is not for me to give. John, it come naught that I should forgive you, if youll not forgive yourself. John still feels guilty for what he did to Elizabeth, but she is telling him to forgive himself. She then puts part of the blame on herself, It needs a cold wife to prompt lechery. This is to make John feel better about himself, and perhaps change his life-altering decision. John decides to confess as he wants his life back, but Danforth demands he write his confession, which he agrees to. However when he is told his confession would be bailed on the church door, he protests once again: (With a cry of his soul) Because it is my name! Because I cannot have another in my life! Because I lie and sign myself to lies! Because I am not worth the dust on the feet of them that hang! How may I live my life without my name? I have given you my soul; leave me my name! Johns emotional response is evoked by his innocence in the crime he is accused of, and he is willing to die to keep his good name. This shows that he deserves the sympathy from his emotional outbursts John then tears up his confession weeping in fury. This is the noblest thing John has done in the play. Hale says to John, Man, you will hang! You cannot! with desperation, but John replies his eyes full of tears, I can. And theres your first marvel, that I can. Even he is surprised by his actions that later cost him his life. John is finally forgiving himself and making amends, and not even Elizabeth can change his mind. Hale pleads to her to stop her, Go to him, take his shame away, but she replies, he have his goodness now. God forbid I take it from him. Although she loves John and doesnt want him to die, she is allowing him his penance, to make up for the wrongs he has done and the hurt he has caused. During Act One, John deserves no sympathy whatsoever, but by Act Four, he does everything in his ability to bring justice to the court, and to save the life of Elizabeth, even when it means making his affair with Abigail known to the village. Despite all the hurt and sin John caused, he makes amends by standing with those who refuse to confess, and hangs with dignity and pride.

The Directory, Consulate End of the French Revolution

The Directory, Consulate End of the French Revolution The Constitution of Year III With the Terror over, the French Revolutionary wars once again going in Frances favor and the stranglehold of the Parisians on the revolution broken, the National Convention began to devise a new constitution. Chief in their aims was the need for stability. The resulting constitution was approved on April 22nd and was once again begun with a declaration of rights, but this time a list of duties was also added. All male taxpayers over 21 were citizens who could vote, but in practice, the deputies were chosen by assemblies in which only citizens who owned or rented property and who paid a set sum of tax each year could sit. The nation would thus be governed by those who had a stake in it. This created an electorate of roughly a million, of which 30,000 could sit in the resulting assemblies. Elections would take place yearly, returning a third of the required deputies each time. The legislature was bicameral, being comprised of two councils. The lower Council of Five Hundred proposed all legislation but did not vote, while the upper Council of Elders, which was composed of married or widowed men over forty, could only pass or reject legislation, not propose it. Executive power lay with five Directors, which were chosen by the Elders from a list provided by the 500. One retired each year by lot, and none could be chosen from the Councils. The aim here was a series of checks and balances on power. However, the Convention also decided that two-thirds of the first set of council deputies had to be members of the National Convention. The Vendà ©miaire Uprising The two-thirds law disappointed many, further fuelling a public displeasure at the Convention which had been growing as food once again became scarce. Only one section in Paris was in favor of the law and this led to the planning of an insurrection. The Convention responded by summoning troops to Paris, which further inflamed support for the insurrection as people feared that the constitution would be forced onto them by the army. On October 4th, 1795 seven sections declared themselves insurrectionary and ordered their units of National Guard to gather ready for action, and on the 5th over 20,000 insurgents marched on the Convention. They were stopped by 6000 troops guarding vital bridges, who had been placed there by a deputy called Barras and a General called Napoleon Bonaparte. A standoff developed but violence soon ensued and the insurgents, who had been very effectively disarmed in the preceding months, were forced to retreat with hundreds killed. This failure marked the last time Parisians attempted to take charge, a turning point in the Revolution. Royalists and Jacobins The Councils soon took their seats and the first five Directors was Barras, who had helped save the constitution, Carnot, a military organizer who had once been on the Committee of Public Safety, Reubell, Letourneur and La Revellià ©re-Là ©peaux. Over the next few years, the Directors maintained a policy of vacillating between Jacobin and Royalist sides to try and negate both. When Jacobins were in the ascendant the Directors closed their clubs and rounded up terrorists and when the royalists were rising their newspapers were curbed, Jacobins papers funded and sans-culottes released to cause trouble. The Jacobins still tried to force their ideas through by planning uprisings, while the monarchists looked to the elections to gain power. For their part, the new government grew increasingly dependent on the army to maintain itself. Meanwhile, sectional assemblies were abolished, to be replaced with a new, centrally controlled body. The sectionally controlled National Guard also went, replaced with a new and centrally controlled Parisian Guard. During this period a journalist called Babeuf began calling for the abolition of private property, common ownership and the equal distribution of goods; this is believed to the first instance of full communism being advocated. The Fructidor Coup The first elections to take place under the new regime occurred in year V of the revolutionary calendar. The people of France voted against the former Convention deputies (few were re-elected), against the Jacobins, (almost none were returned) and against the Directory, returning new men with no experience instead of those the Directors favored. 182 of the deputies were now royalist. Meanwhile, Letourneur left the Directory and Barthà ©lemy took his place. The results worried both the Directors and the nation’s generals, both concerned that the royalists were growing greatly in power. On the night of September 3-4th the ‘Triumvirs’, as Barras, Reubell and La Revellià ©re-Là ©peaux were increasingly known, ordered troops to seize Parisian strong points and surround the council rooms. They arrested Carnot, Barthà ©lemy and 53 council deputies, plus other prominent royalists. Propaganda was sent out stating that there had been a royalist plot. The Fructidor Coup against the monarchists was this swift and bloodless. Two new Directors were appointed, but the council positions were left vacant. The Directory From this point on the Second Directory rigged and annulled elections to keep their power, which they now began to use. They signed the peace of Campo Formio with Austria, leaving France at war with just Britain, against whom an invasion was planned before Napoleon Bonaparte led a force to invade Egypt and threaten British interests in Suez and India. Tax and debts were revamped, with a two-thirds bankruptcy and the reintroduction of indirect taxes on, among other things, tobacco and windows. Laws against à ©migrà ©s returned, as did refractory laws, with refusals being deported. The elections of 1797 were rigged at every level to minimize royalist gains and support the Directory. Only 47 out of 96 departmental results were not altered by a scrutinizing process. This was the coup of Florà ©al and it tightened the Directors grip over the councils. However, they were to weaken their support when their actions, and the behavior of France in international politics, led to a renewal of war and the return of conscription. The  Coup of Prairial By  the start of 1799, with war, conscription and action against refractory priests dividing the nation, confidence in the Directory to bring about the much-desired peace and stability was gone. Now Sieyà ¨s, who had turned down the chance to be one of the original Directors, replaced Reubell, convinced he could effect change. Once again it became obvious the Directory would rig the elections, but their grip on the councils was waning and on June 6th the Five Hundred summoned the Directory and subjected them to an attack over its poor war  record. Sieyà ¨s was new and without blame, but the other Directors didnt know how to respond. The Five Hundred declared a permanent session until the Directory replied; they also declared that one Director, Treilhard, had risen to the post illegally and ousted him. Gohier replaced Treilhard and immediately sided with Sieyà ¨s, as Barras, always the opportunist, also did. This was followed by the Coup of Prairial where the Five Hundred, continuing their attack on the Directory, forced the remaining two Directors out. The councils had, for the first time, purged the Directory, not the other way round, pushing three out of their jobs. The Coup of Brumaire and the End of the Directory The Coup of Prairial had been masterfully orchestrated by Sieyà ¨s, who was now able to dominate the Directory, concentrating power almost wholly in his hands. However, he was not satisfied and when a Jacobin resurgence had been put down and confidence in the military once again grew he decided to take advantage and force a change in the government by use of military power. His first choice of general, the tame Jourdan, had recently died. His second, the Director Moreau, wasnt keen. His third,  Napoleon Bonaparte, arrived back in Paris on October 16th. Bonaparte was greeted with crowds celebrating his success: he was their undefeated and triumphant general and he met with Sieyà ¨s soon after. Neither liked the other, but they agreed on an alliance to force constitutional change. On November 9th Lucien Bonaparte, Napoleon’s brother and president of the Five Hundred, managed to have the meeting place of the councils switched from Paris to the old royal palace at Saint-Cloud, under the pretext of freeing the councils from the – now absent – influence of Parisians. Napoleon was put in charge of the troops. The next stage occurred when the entire Directory, motivated by Sieyà ¨s, resigned, aiming to force the councils to create a provisional government. Things didn’t go quite as planned and the next day, Brumaire 18th, Napoleon’s demand to the council for constitutional change was greeted frostily; there were even calls to outlaw him. At one stage he was scratched, and the wound bled. Lucien announced to the troops outside that a Jacobin had tried to assassinate his brother, and they followed orders to clear the meeting halls of the council. Later that day a quorum was reassembled to vote, and now things did go as planned: the legislature was suspended for six weeks while a committee of deputies revised the constitution. The provisional government was to be three consuls: Ducos, Sieyà ©s, and Bonaparte. The era of the Directory was over. The Consulate The new constitution was hurriedly written under the eye of Napoleon. Citizens would now vote for a tenth of themselves to form a communal list, which in turn selected a tenth to form a departmental list. A further tenth was then chosen for a national list. From these a new institution, a senate whose powers were not defined, would choose the deputies. The legislature remained bicameral, with a lower hundred member Tribunate which discussed legislation and an upper three hundred member Legislative Body which could only vote. Draft laws now came from the government via a council of state, a throwback to the old monarchical system. Sieyà ©s had originally wanted a system with two consuls, one for internal and external matters, selected by a lifetime ‘Grand Elector’ with no other powers; he had wanted Bonaparte in this role. However Napoleon disagreed and the constitution reflected his wishes: three consuls, with the first having most authority. He was to be first consul. The constitution was finished on December 15th and voted in late December 1799 to early January 1800. It passed. Napoleon Bonapartes Rise to Power and the End of Revolution Bonaparte now turned his attention to the wars, beginning a campaign which ended with the defeat of the alliance ranged against him. The Treaty of Lunà ©ville was signed in France’s favor with Austria while Napoleon began creating satellite kingdoms. Even Britain came to the negotiating table for peace. Bonaparte thus brought the French Revolutionary Wars to a close with triumph for France. While this peace was not to last for long, by then the Revolution was over. Having at first sent out conciliatory signals to royalists he then declared his refusal to invite the king back, purged Jacobin  survivors and then began rebuilding the republic. He created a Bank of France to manage state debt and produced a balanced budget in 1802. Law and order were reinforced by the creations of special prefects in each department, the use of the army and special courts which cut into the crime epidemic in France. He also began the creation of a uniform series of laws, the Civil Code which although not finished until 1804 were around in a draft format in 1801. Having finished the wars which had divided so much of France he also ended the schism with the Catholic Church by re-establishing the Church of France and signing a concordat with the Pope. In 1802 Bonaparte purged – bloodlessly - the Tribunate and other bodies after they and the senate and its president – Sieyà ¨s – had begun to criticize him and refuse to pass laws. Public support for him was now overwhelming and with his position secure he made more reforms, including making himself consul for life. Within two years he would crown himself Emperor of France. The Revolution was over and empire would soon begin

Character and Narrative Function of Nicodemus Essay

Character and Narrative Function of Nicodemus - Essay Example "Word of God" reveals Light and darkness goes away. Raymond Brown also writes, "The prologue is a hymn, a poetic summary of the whole theology and narrative of the Gospel, as well as an introduction".2 The result, for Brown, is that "we have a union of wisdom and God's word, a divine person uncreated and existing with the Father." Throughout, from verse 1 to 16, dialogues are centring on this theme of realising knowledge, virtue, truth, Father, Mother, Son, God and Word. The nature of these dialogues is such that they constitute the real essence of knowledge, truth and the Bible. It is this "Word of God" which appears initially to be mystical and mysterious! While, in reality and scientifically, this Word of God is the practical way to delve deep into one's inner self for becoming one with Truth. Knowledge or Truth is there for all of us to see from within. Books and modern science of information and technology cannot help obtain it. One has to see it with eyelids downwards and vision upwards. That is why these dialogues are the essence of Bible. When Jesus says, "Verily, verily, I say unto thee, except a man be born of water and of the Spirit, he cannot enter into the kingdom of God", it is yet another scientific hint to Nicodemus about seeing and realising God.3 It is after hearing the musical sound of Word of God and imbibing the Spirit that one not only experiences but also starts conversing with God. This is how every human being descends upon this spaceship earth from a Mother's womb to go finally for the second birth from the Word of God. Then such a twice born becomes Son of God!4 Necodemus is a leader who has read scriptures and laws for so many years. His behaviour has also been considered righteous. He asks Jesus quite a few questions. He does not grasp what Christ says at that instant. For Jesus, one is wrong until one is born again. This difficult for Necodemus to believe for he finds it hard to see that he has been in the wrong. Despite this apparent disbelief, Jesus bestows Word of God unto Necodemus. After receiving the Word of God, he does not ask much. He now listens to Christ and also Author's Last Name to others who were countering Jesus. He looks on under the spell of his re-birth! Even after crucifixion of Jesus, Necodemus buries Christ in the grave. What Necodemus has learnt from Christ We are all supposed to learn only that from Jesus. Howsoever we may interpret all teachings of Christ in Chapter 3 of the Gospel of John; certain view-points emerge very clearly. Despite several different versions of Bible and Gospel, His fundamental teachings are beyond reasonable dispute.5 Jesus Christ is bestowing upon us through Necodemus several pathways to light and Christian way of life. This is made available in John 3: 1-16, especially through the character of Necodemus. His initial scientific inquisitiveness, later tranquillity; his earlier hypocrisy in learning laws and going to temples and later equanimity of keeping quiet even when Jesus was being crucified. Major lessons that emerge from the concerned chapters of Gospel of John are mainly five, namely, 1. Science of God

Planning and Reviewing a Unit of Work Assignment

Planning and Reviewing a Unit of Work - Assignment Example Perform Mathematical reasoning (Mean, Mode and Median) Illustrate your finding using suitable diagrams or graphs Explain why you have used them Write a short conclusion on your finding Could you have done anything better Are you happy with your findings This unit is expected to take about 6 lessons. Prior Learning Students should know: How to find the mean, mode and the median of non-grouped data How to find the range of a set data How to draw bar charts for discrete data (possible other charts e.g. scatter graphs, pies charts) Where The Unit fits in This unit is according to the "Key Stage 3 National strategy" and it is designed for students in year 8 (teaching was slightly modified to fit according to the class tutor wishes, the lessons plan were slightly reduce by using secondary data, however all methods were thoroughly discuss so that the students would meet the objectives now and in the future. Data Handling is first taught in primary school. In fact, my daughter who is in year 3 (1st year of junior school) has done a survey by counting different type of transport (cars, van, motorbike etc) at a traffic lights and drawing a bar chart using the data. In the key objectives for the Year 3 the DfEE (1999) (Framework p3) states that, "Solve a given problem by organizing and interpreting numerical data in simple lists, tables and graphs". In year 4 they are taught the vocabulary of data handling, such as survey, questionnaire, data, tally charts ..etc. They will also look at and create graphs like bar and pictogram - where the symbol represents several units - in details. This theme of work is then continued in year 5, 6 and onwards. Handling data The handling of data is... Data Handling is first taught in primary school. In fact, my daughter who is in year 3 (1st year of junior school) has done a survey by counting different type of transport (cars, van, motorbike etc) at a traffic lights and drawing a bar chart using the data. In the key objectives for the Year 3 the DfEE (1999) (Framework p3) states that, "Solve a given problem by organizing and interpreting numerical data in simple lists, tables and graphs". In year 4 they are taught the vocabulary of data handling, such as survey, questionnaire, data, tally charts ..etc. They will also look at and create graphs like bar and pictogram - where the symbol represents several units - in details. This theme of work is then continued in year 5, 6 and onwards. The handling of data is an established part of the National Curriculum at all key stages. It makes up a significant part of the curriculum and also a regular feature in the exams. Handling data also appears in the other cross-curricular subjects such as ICT, History and Geography and many more. According to the National Curriculum, students should be taught all four phases of the data

From Medicine Men to Men of Medicine :: Medical History Health Essays

From Medicine Men to Men of Medicine From the beginning of written history, men of medicine have played an important role in civilization and society. Each of these minds brought new ways of thinking to their particular era through experimentation and discovery. The 19th century was an age of pioneering, exploration, and change. These things were thought to apply mainly to the areas of invention and the quest for land, yet the extent reached as far as the field of medicine. Advancement in American medicine took place in the 19th century, particularly in the old west. This scope includes both the native healer, and the frontier doctor who traded big, bustling cities for mining camps and ghost towns. The 19th century was a time when the face of western American medicine was changed forever, a time when medicine transitioned from a religious ritual to a skilled practice. The introduction of the frontier physician was a catalyst for the medical evolution in the west from medicine men to men of medicine. Before pioneers began to move and settle out west, the Native Americans ruled the frontier. We find that in every tribe every person had a specific duty to perform. The tribal chief was overseer of every tribal affair, warriors fought battles for the tribe, women were responsible for cooking and raising children, and any ailment or injury was tended to by the medicine man. The life of the medicine man was probably the most trying and stress-filled of the whole tribe. The process of becoming a medicine man in itself was rigorous and challenging. At around the same time every year, most North American Indian tribes would perform a certain ritual that served as a means of choosing who the next medicine man would be. This test was a grueling ordeal, lasting several days. All young braves would assemble at the great medicine lodge. After three or four days of fasting, praying, privation, and observing older medicine men in practice, the ambitious young men were then to undergo the last and most trying part of the test for greatness. Any man that passed this part of the test was thought to be immortal by the tribe. They would gather once again in the medicine lodge and place themselves in a reclining position. The overseers of this ritual would then pinch an inch or two of the pectoral muscle on each side of each brave.

John Langdon Essay

Who is John Langdon? John Langdon was one of the two first senators of the state of New Hampshire. Early on in his political life, Langdon was a supporter always of the Revolutionary War and then later served in the Continental Congress. After serving in Congress, Langdon turned a different direction and became governor of New Hampshire. He could have run for vice president of the United States but turned it down. He was a great part in America’s history and grew up with America as it has turned out to be today. John Langdon was played many roles in our country today including: a patriot, a soldier, and a statesman. Langdon’s family was one of the first to settle near the middle of New Hampshire’s river, the Piscataquis River. John was then taught as a kid growing up by an educator at a school near by. John Langdon’s father asked John and his brother, Woodbury, to join along on his successful agricultural business. They both ended up becoming apprentices of local merchants. Langdon was an unstationary man, as by the age of twenty-one he was captain sailing to the West Indies, and four years later John owned his first merchantman. His brother was even more successful. They both began to do the trade business and by 1770 both men were accounted as the wealthiest citizens in the area. In 1777, Langdon turned his attention to a different subject. He wanted to help the soldiers. Since he was the lower speaker of the house for New Hampshire, he spent much time reorganizing and making the states militia stronger. He then split them up into two brigades. One brigade was centered in the east was to protect and prevent ambushes from the Royal Navy and support the New England states. The second brigade was organized in the west to guard from any sudden ambushes from Canada. Then lastly John Langdon is most famously known for being one of two delegates of New Hampshire at the Continental Congress. He was in Congress from 1775 to 1776, and then resigned in June 1776. He then became a superintendent for the construction of several ships of war. He was also a participant at the Battle of Bennnigton and led a group into Saratoga. Then in 1784 he was a member of the state senate, and then the president of New Hampshire in 1785 and 1788. Then in 1787 he was a member of the Continental Congress and a delegate of New Hampshire. He led New Hampshire from the beginning of his life till the very end. From 1805-1811 he was the governor of New Hampshire. He then died in Portsmouth, New Hampshire on September 18th 1819 and was buried in the North Cemetery. John Langdon was not a huge part of America’s course of history was he was overall a big part of New Hampshire. He was a leader of that state was the moment his family first lived there to dying and being buried there. I think New Hampshire should recognize more of what John Langdon did for their state. My name is Crystal Moreland and I am a Field Organizer for Congresswoman Shelley Berkley’s campaign. I wanted to let you know that Brent Martelli has contacted me about his volunteer time with the campaign. We are very excited to have him and would be more than happy to show him all the different aspects of what goes on in a campaign such as voter identification and event involvement. I think this is a great experience for your students to have and I very excited to get them involved. I hope they have a great experience and learn a lot!

Intervention Group Proposal Paper Intervention Proposal

Intervention Group Proposal Paper By Renee Van Natter Longwood University November 26, 2014 SOWK 425 Intervention Group Proposal Paper For the purpose of this paper I will be structuring my group based on that I am employed by Chesterfield Community Corrections. Chesterfield Community Corrections is made up of seven different agencies and I work for the domestic and sexual violence resource center. I will be running a group for survivors of domestic violence. However, before I discuss my group I will introduce you to the mission and vision statement of Chesterfield Community Corrections Domestic Violence Center and a background on the agency itself. The center serves as Chesterfield County’s hub for coordinating response efforts to domestic and sexual violence. A goal of the unit itself is to develop a county wide policy and practice that places value of the victim’s safety and accountability on the offender. 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