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Supervision for Instructional Improvement Essay - 1

Oversight for Instructional Improvement - Essay Example For at some point now, Bruce Joyce and his partners have been stating that commonplace staff advancement â€Å"probably won't produce the measure of progress important to influence understudy achievement†. Rather they advocate alongside Sparks, Fullan and others - the formation of the sort of â€Å"Communities of teachers† who take part in engaged, repeating patterns of guidance, appraisal, and alteration of instruction†.(Joyce and Showers 2002) â€Å"Research stresses that training is an essential for the execution of new abilities strategy†( Showers, Joyce and Bennett 1987). Pioneers must know that the arrangement of continuous help is critical to the fruitful accomplishment of a development. In this way, one of the main staff advancement activities to be offered to educators in the study hall, is peer training. For staff improvement master Thomas Guskey, the guarantee of expert advancement has gone â€Å"largely unfulfilled†. The arrangement in st aff advancement is work around â€Å"collaborative exchange†, in which â€Å"teachers cooperate, think about their training, trade thoughts, and offer strategies†(Guskey 2003) Richard Stiggins composes that 2 â€Å"assessment literacy†, is so necessary to the continuous improvement of guidance in â€Å"learning teams† â€Å"Work shops†, he says â€Å"will not work†, they â€Å"do not† grant the utilization of and experimentation with new evaluation thoughts in genuine study halls, and imparting that experience to different partners in a group effort†(Stiggins 1999).

How Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT) Works

How Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT) Works Depression Treatment Print Overview of Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT) By Nancy Schimelpfening Nancy Schimelpfening, MS is the administrator for the non-profit depression support group Depression Sanctuary. Nancy has a lifetime of experience with depression, experiencing firsthand how devastating this illness can be. Learn about our editorial policy Nancy Schimelpfening Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on June 05, 2017 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on February 04, 2020 Kai Wiechmann / DigitalVision / Getty Images More in Depression Treatment Medication Causes Symptoms Diagnosis Types Childhood Depression Suicide In This Article Table of Contents Expand History How It Works DBT Strategies Is It Right for You? View All Back To Top Dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) is a type of cognitive behavioral therapy. Its main goals are to teach people how to live in the moment, cope healthily with stress, regulate emotions, and improve relationships with others.?? It was originally intended for people with borderline personality  disorder  (BPD) but has since been adapted for other conditions where the person exhibits  self-destructive behavior, such as  disordered eating  and  substance misuse.?? It is also sometimes used to treat post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). History DBT was developed in the late 1980s by Dr. Marsha Linehan and colleagues when they discovered that cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) alone did not work as well as expected in patients with BPD. Dr. Linehan and her team added techniques and developed a treatment that would meet the unique needs of these patients.?? DBT is derived from a philosophical process called dialectics. Dialectics is based on the concept that everything is composed of opposites and that change occurs when one opposing force is stronger than the other, or in more academic termsâ€"thesis, antithesis, and synthesis.   More specifically, dialectics makes three basic assumptions:?? All things are interconnected.Change is constant and inevitable.Opposites can be integrated to form a closer approximation of the truth. In DBT, the patient and therapist are working to resolve the seeming contradiction between self-acceptance and change in order to bring about positive changes in the patient. Another technique offered by Linehan and her colleagues was validation. Linehan and her team found that with validation, along with the push for change, patients were more likely to cooperate and less likely to suffer distress at the idea of change. The therapist validates that the persons actions make sense within the context of their personal experiences without necessarily agreeing that they are the best approach to solving the problem. How It Works DBT has now evolved into a standard type of cognitive behavioral therapy. When a person is undergoing DBT, they can expect to participate in three therapeutic settings:  ?? A classroom where a person is taught behavioral skills by doing homework assignments and  role-playing  new ways of interacting with people. Typically, the class meets for two to three hours on a weekly basis.Individual therapy with a trained professional where those learned behavioral skills are adapted to the persons personal life challenges. (Running concurrently with the classroom work, individual therapy sessions usually last for 60 minutes, once a week.)Phone coaching in which a person can call their therapist in between sessions to receive guidance on coping with a difficult at-the-moment situation. In DBT, individual therapists also meet with a consultation team to help them stay motivated in treating their patients and help them navigate difficult and complex issues. While each therapeutic setting has its own set structure and goals, the following characteristics of DBT are found in group skills training, individual psychotherapy, and phone coaching:?? Support: Youll be encouraged to recognize your positive strengths and attributes and develop and use them.Behavioral: Youll learn to analyze any problem or destructive behavior patterns and replace them with healthy and effective ones.Cognitive: Youll focus on changing thoughts or beliefs and behavior or actions that are not effective or helpful.    Skill sets:  You’ll learn new skills to enhance your capabilities.Acceptance and change: You’ll learn strategies to accept and tolerate your life, emotions, and yourself as well as skills to help you make positive changes in your behaviors and interactions with others.Collaboration:  Youll learn to communicate effectively and work together as a team (therapist, group therapist, psychiatrist). DBT Strategies People undergoing DBT are taught how to effectively change their behavior using four main strategies.?? Core Mindfulness Mindfulness skills, which is perhaps the most important strategy in DBT, teaches you to focus on the present or “live in the moment.” By doing so, you can learn to pay attention to whats going on inside of you (thoughts, feelings, sensations, impulses) as well as whats outside of you (what you see, hear, smell, and touch). These skills will help you to slow down so you can focus on healthy coping skills in the midst of emotional pain. Mindfulness can help you to stay calm and avoid engaging in automatic negative thought patterns and impulsive behavior. Sample Exercise: Observe Mindfulness Skill Pay attention to your breath. Take note of the sensation of inhaling and exhaling, observing your belly rise and fall as you breathe. Distress Tolerance Distress tolerance teaches you to accept yourself and the current situation. More specifically, you learn how to tolerate or survive crises using four techniques: distraction, self-soothing, improving the movement, and thinking of pros and cons.  By learning distress tolerance techniques, youll be able to prepare in advance for any intense emotions and cope with them with a more positive long-term outlook. Sample Exercise: Putting Your Body in Charge Run up and down the stairs. If youre inside, go outside. If youre sitting, get up and walk around. The idea is to distract yourself by allowing your emotions to follow your body. Interpersonal Effectiveness Interpersonal effectiveness helps you to become more assertive in a relationship (for example, expressing needs and saying no) while still keeping that relationship positive and healthy. This happens by learning to listen and communicate effectively, deal with difficult people, and respect yourself and others. Sample Exercise: GIVE Use the acronym GIVE to improve relationships and positive communication:Gentle: Dont attack, threaten, or judgeInterest: Show interest with good listening skills (dont interrupt to speak)Validate: Acknowledge the persons thoughts and feelingsEasy: Try to have an easy attitude (smile and stay light-hearted) Emotion Regulation Emotion regulation provides a set of skills that help to keep your emotional system healthy and functioning. It teaches you to adjust your emotions, including the intensity, when you have it, and how you react to it. By recognizing and coping with negative emotions (for example, anger), you can reduce your emotional vulnerability and have more positive emotional experiences. Sample Exercise: Opposite Action Identify how youre feeling and do the opposite. If youre sad and feel like withdrawing from friends and family, do the opposite. Make plans to see family and friends and stay social. Is DBT Right for You? While the majority of research to date has focused on the effectiveness of DBT for people with borderline personality disorder, as well as co-occurring thoughts of suicide and self-harm, post-traumatic stress disorder, and substance use disorders, ??DBT has also been shown to work for a variety of mental health conditions including:?? Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)Binge eating disorderBipolar disorderBulimiaGeneralized anxiety disorderMajor depressive disorder (including treatment-resistant major depression and chronic depression)Post-traumatic stress disorderSubstance use disorderSuicidal and self-harming behavior Researchers have also found that DBT is effective regardless of age, sex, sexual orientation, and race/ethnicity.?? The best way to figure out if DBT is right for you is to talk with a mental health professional, who will evaluate your symptoms, treatment history, and therapy goals to determine the best next step. A Word From Verywell If you believe that you or a loved one may benefit from DBT, please seek guidance from a doctor or healthcare professional trained in this treatment approach. DBT therapists arent always easy to locate. How to Find Dialectical Behavior Therapy for BPD Near You You can begin your search with the  Clinical Resource Directory  maintained by Behavioral Tech, an organization founded by Dr. Linehan, to train mental health professionals in DBT. This directory allows you to search by state for clinicians and programs that have gone through DBT training with Behavioral Tech, LLC, or the Behavioral Research and Therapy Clinics at the University of Washington. Another option is to ask your physician, therapist, or psychologist to refer you to someone who specializes in DBT. Try DBT With an Online Therapist

Preventing Teen And Unplanned Pregnancy - 865 Words

A big part of our society believes that women, especially poor women, should act responsibly and delay parenthood until they can financially afford it. In fact, for a good part of our society poor women should find the way to be able to support their children without government help. And here is the question that a good amount of people ask: Why do these women continue to bring more children to this world if they don’t have the means to support them? According to a new study from The National Campaign to Prevent Teen and Unplanned Pregnancy, the teen birth rate is nearly one-third higher in rural areas of the United States than it is in more populous areas of the country, and teen pregnancy rates have been much slower to decline in rural counties over the past decade. The advocacy organization notes that while no single reason explains the difference in teen birth rates across regions, adolescents in rural areas likely have particular barriers to contraceptive services. Lower income families tend to have more children because they lack access to birth control, they lack right training regarding how to use birth control and how to acquire them, and of course, most of the times they don’t have family planning resources like a simple â€Å"free clinic† or Planned Parenthood. In Hand to Mouth, Linda Tirado addresses how in low income neighborhoods, she has seen sexual health campaigns encouraging sex abstinence, which by the way, is the most effective way to prevent pregnancies andShow MoreRelatedTeenage Pregnancy During U.s. And U.k986 Words   |  4 PagesTeenage Pregnancy in U.S. and U.K. Unplanned teenage pregnancy has been a problem in the U.S. and U.K. for many years. While both countries have taken measures to prevent this, it is still an issue. Gerard Lemos, author of Give Parents an Incentive, discusses how the U.K. government has been attempting to reduce the rates of teenage pregnancy. Lemos writes about the problems that teenagers face when they have children so young. One of the main issues brought up is the fact that young parents doRead MoreTeen Parenthood Essay1304 Words   |  6 Pageshappening and look for a solution. As teen and unplanned pregnancy become of a problem in society, planned parenthood is taking the bull by the horns and providing younger and older mothers alike with solutions such as birth control, abortion, and implants. According to â€Å"Us Abortions Stats† within the last 10 years, teen pregnancy has become more of a problem among teenagers and in turn has caused abortion rates to rise (US Abortion Stats. Par 1) As teenage pregnancy is become more of a rising problemRead MoreTeenage Pregnancy Rates Among Ethnicities1059 Words   |  5 Pages Teen Pregnancy Rates Among Ethnicities Dr. Maria Reid Florida International University Friday, June 17, 2016 Vanessa Romano Stephanie Maquieira Teenage pregnancy has been viewed as an issue for many years, not only for teenage mothers but for babies as well. Much importance has been placed on this subject for the reason that although these rates are declining, they remain elevated. The United States represents over 600,000 American teen pregnancies every year, making this the highestRead MoreTeen Pregnancy And Public Perception1498 Words   |  6 PagesThe purpose of this chapter is to provide a literature review of teen pregnancy and public perception. The chapter will begin by examining the decrease of teen pregnancy in America. It will transition to understanding the emotional effects on teen mothers and depict how a pregnant teen’s life could be altered. It will conclude by discussing how the topic of teen pregnancy has caused the President of the United States to take a closer look. This chapter will end with a summary of my research findingsRead MoreEssay about The Underlying Causes of Teen Pregnancy1363 Wo rds   |  6 Pages Before successfully preventing teen pregnancies among teenage girls, there are many underlying causes and facts about the dilemma that must be first exposed. Children from homes run by teenage mothers have to face almost insurmountable obstacles in life. The incidents of depression and mental health problems, the lack of father figures, and the high rate of poverty often connected to children in homes run by teenage mothers put them at serious disadvantages when compared to children raised in nuclearRead MoreLow Income Black And Hispanic Adolescent Females Essay1532 Words   |  7 Pagesexperiencing an unplanned pregnancy. Increased utilization of dual contraception is of great importance in these communities. Adolescent females in general are less likely to use dual forms of protection from STD’s and unplanned pregnancy. Young women, due to their anatomy tend to be more susceptible to STD’s than are young men. Black and Hispanic females are 4.9x and 2.1x, respectively, more likely to contract chlamydia (which is a common STD) than their white counterparts. When it comes to pregnancy 3 inRead MoreTeen Pregnancy And Teenage Pregnancy1551 Words   |  7 PagesTeen pregnancy is something that affects over one million young teens in the United States. For some, these pregnancies are planned but 85% of these teens the pregnancy is unplanned. This can cause a lot of endless problems in the life of the teen and the newborn child. There are a lot of things that can cause an unplanned teen pregnancy, such as teens experimenting with sexual encounters at a young age. Another major cause is the lack of guidance due to guardians that are blind or do not want toRead MoreEffects Of Birth Control On Children1719 Words   |  7 Pagesis mainly taken to prevent pregnancy, make menstrual cycles lighter and more regular, and help prevent or treat certain diseases or conditions. Birth control may also cause women to encounter side effects like nausea, headaches, weight gain or loss, or mood swings. Despite these side effects, birth control is a very effective and beneficial drug that is used by countless women worldwide. Birth control, also named contraceptive, is a drug widely used to prevent pregnancy and other different medicalRead MoreThe Effects Of Teen Pregnancy On Children845 Words   |  4 Pagesinstance, one-third of pregnant teens (15-19) receives no prenatal care during the first trimester of pregnancy; this number has increased to 50% for girls under 15. Most teens are still developing physically, and mentally this also means they’re much more likely to have premature babies or preterm labor. Preterm and/or low birth weight babies often have developmental disabilities or medical conditions that require regular physical therapy. In every 10th American teen girl one will get pregnant atRead MoreComprehensive Sexual Education Of The United States1219 Words   |  5 Pagescontraceptives to avoid sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) and unplanned pregnancies. As well as, the skills needed to help young people explore their own values and options. Comprehensive sexual education should be taught in the United States to provide teenagers with an evidence-based approach to healthy decision making in their sexual lives. The two main risks of becoming sexually active at a young age are unintended pregnancies and STDs. Both of which can be prevented by a proper education in

Corruption in Zambia and Measures to Address It - 2570 Words

Introduction One of the major tasks of government is to provide goods and services to the people. There are however many factors that hinder the smooth delivery of goods and services. Corruption is one of the factors. A link has been established between corruption and economic stagnation. Corruption leads to misallocation of resources meant for uplifting of the majority members of the public for the benefit of a few. It is a universal scourge that has been described differently by various schools of thought. It tends to limit citizens access to free goods and services and reduces freedom of political choice in elections. It can also be linked to the escalation of poverty, as the prevalence of corrupt practices socially excludes the poor†¦show more content†¦In 2008 however, the Transparency International’s Corruption Perception Index (CPI) slightly improved, awarding Zambia a score of 2, 8, suggesting progress in terms of control of corruption, as perceived by analysts and busines smen (2008). This could indicate that Zambia’s efforts against corruption are slowly starting to yield results. However, there is still a long way to go. Strategies employed and their efficiencies There are a number of laws put in place to combat corruption (National anti-Corruption policy: 2009). These laws are meant to empower different institutions in the fight against corruption. They include: the Anti-Corruption Commission (ACC) Act No. 42 of 1996; Public Procurement Act No. 12 of 2008; Parliamentary and Ministerial Code of Conduct Act No. 35 0f 1994; The Electoral Act No. 12 of 2006; The Prohibition and Prevention of Money Laundering Act No. 14 of 2001; The Bank of Zambia Anti-Money Laundering Directives 2004. Despite the above legal framework, there are still challenges to the fight against corruption such as enhancing and harmonising anti-corruption laws and regulations, reviewing and enacting relevant legislation in the fight against corruption and domesticating provisions in international instruments. With the aforementioned legal framework prevailing to combat corruption, it is necessary to examine the institutional framework that exists to implement the laws established. The National Anti-CorruptionShow MoreRelatedCorruption in Zambia and Measures to Address It2578 Words   |  11 PagesIntroduction One of the major tasks of government is to provide goods and services to the people. There are however many factors that hinder the smooth delivery of goods and services. Corruption is one of the factors. A link has been established between corruption and economic stagnation. Corruption leads to misallocation of resources meant for uplifting of the majority members of the public for the benefit of a few. It is a universal scourge that has been described differently by various schoolsRead MoreEssay on Poverty Situation in Zambia2617 Words   |  11 PagesFrom being one of the most prosperous countries in sub Sahara Africa, Zambia has experienced a sharp decline, a crush, of its economy, which has had a great adverse impact on the quality of 10 million people. The decline started with the rising oil prices of the mid 1970s, which coincided with the drop in world copper prices being the mainstay of Zambian economy. The droughts which were experienced in the early 1980s have persisted into the 1990s and their impact has contributed to the declineRead MoreDiscuss the Importance of Non Verbal Communication to Education24125 Words   |  97 Pagesdue to caring responsibilities. Project likely to lose trained beneficiaries and their knowledge, experience and labour.Some destitute children, often AIDS orphans, are forced into child labour. | Agricultural/rural development projects actively address in their regular activities the factors that increase vulnerability to HIV/AIDS. | Community development workers of a food security project assist in overcoming stigmatization of people living with HIV/AIDS and of AIDS orphans in a community. | Read MoreBudgeting Process10662 Words   |  43 Pagesfinances management in Zambia. 2. Gumboh Steven, (2004): MTEF Manual for Central Government: Zambia. 3. Mudenda Dale, (2005). The budgeting Processes and Economic Governance in Zambia: A Literature Review. 4. Bolnick Bruce, (1995): Establishing Fiscal Discipline: the Cash budget in Zambia. 5. Dinh Hinh, (2000) Cash Budget in Zambia: Stabilizations versus Growth and Poverty Reduction. 6. Mwanawina, I, M, (2002): Transparency and participation in the budgeting process: Zambia Country Report. 7. MwansaRead MoreBarrick Gold Corporation 3111 Words   |  13 Pagesthese developing countries. The Mineral Sector Policy of 1997 set the goal that mining would contribute 10% to Tanzania GDP by 2015. However, by 2010 mining’s contribution to GDP was only 2.3% (Tanzania Chamber of Minerals and Energy). Poverty and corruption have increased (Pegg, 2006), particularly, large-scale mining combined with weak governance of the rule of law has been found to be closely connected with human right abuses and forced displacement (Ballard and Banks, 2003). Governments from variousRead MoreThe Problem Of Conflict Mineral2082 Words   |  9 Pagesgenerators, planes, cars, everything.ii The issue with this industry is that these minerals are often harvested by a variety of military factions concentrated in Central Africa, then shipped across the porous border undeclared to Tanzania, Uganda, Burundi, Zambia, Zimbabwe, or Rwanda, smuggled to Africa’s eastern coast, and finally shipped to smelting factories in Southeast Asia and the Indian sub-continent.iii Once the minerals reach the smelting plant they are melted down with other shipments from aroundRead MoreFactors Affecting Fdi Inflow in Tanzania6173 Words   |  25 Pagesaccount imbalances in countries and for their contribution to broader economic growth, through technological spillovers and competition effects. Recent economic reports show that Tanzania lags behind neighbors Kenya, Democratic Republic of Congo, Zambia and also Madagascar in its ability to attract foreign investors. A ccording to a top economic official, the failure to execute pro-business reforms is keeping prospective foreign investors away from Tanzania. (Konye Obaji Ori, Afrik.com, ThursdayRead MoreCorporate Finance Practices in Frontier Markets and Malawis Economic Development3233 Words   |  13 Pagesthese three sources has its own limitations and strengths. Internet articles for instance are of increased actuality, yet they are not all entirely reliable. The articles in the specialized journals are more elaborate, yet they address niche topics. Last, the books address the topics in depth, but they can sometimes integrated outdated information. In order to maximize the advantages of these three categories of sources, the current project would be using them in a combined manner. 2. Frontier marketsRead MoreBusiness Ethics8707 Words   |  35 Pagesconnection between ethics and organisational success. They acknowledge that the passionate preservation of corporate reputation, respect for the preferences of ethically discerning consumers, and the protection of company assets against fraud and corruption result in investor confidence and good business. 3. RIMS 3.1 Evaluation of all points of view Currently, 1.5 million Zimbabweans are living with AIDS. One in every four sexually active Zimbabweans is estimated to be infected with the virus whileRead More Preventing the export of conflict diamonds in the Democratic Republic of the Congo4642 Words   |  19 Pagessupport mainly in order to get a share of the diamond market in the DRC. In exchange for assistance in the war, the countries involved received rights to set up joint business ventures with the DRC. In July 1999 during a peace conference in Lusaka, Zambia, the leaders of the six governments involved signed a cease-fire agreement. The leaders of the two main rebel groups also signed the treaty. All sides agreed to end hostilities and withdraw foreign troops from the DRC. While Kabila and his allies

Economic Free Essays

QUESTION 1 (a) Expected Selling Price Price (r)| Probability (p)| Expected Selling Price | | | r= r x p | 10,000| 0. 2| 2000| 15,000| 0. 3| 4500| 20,000| 0. We will write a custom essay sample on Economic or any similar topic only for you Order Now 4| 8000| 25,000| 0. 1| 2500| | | 17000| | | | | | | (b) Standard Deviation Price (r)| Probability (p)| (r – r )2 p| |   |   | 10,000| 0. 2| 9,800,000| 15,000| 0. 3| 1,200,000| 20,000| 0. 4| 3,600,000| 25,000| 0. 1| 6,400,000| |   | 21,000,000| | | | | ?=(r – r )2 p ?=21,000,000 ?=4582. 5756 (c) Coefficient of variation v=? r v=4582. 75617,000 v=0. 26956 QUESTION 2 (d) Output level of Maximize profits MR=MC Q=8 (e) Total Profit at profit maximizing output level Total Profit = Total Revenue – Total Cost = 216 – 124 = 92 QUESTION 3 TC = 20 + 5Q + Q2 Q = 25 – P P = 25 – Q (a) Total Profit = Total Revenue – Total Cost = ( P x Q ) – TC = ( 25 – Q ) (Q) – ( 20 + 5Q + Q2 ) = 25Q – Q2 – 20- 5Q – Q2 = – 2Q2 + 20Q – 20 (b) TR = 25Q – Q2MR=dTRdQ=25-2Q| TC = 20 + 5Q + Q2MC=dTCdQ=5+2Q| MR=MC 25-2Q =5+2Q -2Q-2Q=5-25 -4Q= -20 Q=5 (c)Total Profit = – 2Q2 + 20Q – 20= – 2(52) + 20(5) – 20 = -50 +100-20 = 30 | Selling Price = 25 – Q = 25 – 5 = 20 | (d) TP = – 2Q2 + 20Q – 25 dTPdQ=-4Q+20 dTPdQ=0 -4Q+20=0 -4Q= -20 Q=5| Total Profit = – 2Q2 + 20Q – 25= – 2(52) + 20(5) – 25 = -50 +100-25 = 25 | Even fixed cost change, output still 5. (e) TR = 25Q – Q2MR=dTRdQ=25-2 Q| TC = 20 + 5Q + Q2MC=dTCdQ=5+2Q| QUESTION 4 a) Ex=Q2-Q1P2-P1 ? P2 + P1Q2 + Q1 -2. 2=10,000-8,000P2-2. 98 ? P2 +2. 98110,000 +8,000 -2. 2=2,000 (P2 +2. 981)18,000 (P2-2. 98 ) -2. 2=2,000P2 +5,96018,000 P2-53,640 ) QUESTION 5 (a) (b) Estimated Regression b=n xy- x? yn x2-( x)2 =7552. 34- 50. 9(75. 6)7374. 51- (50. 9)2 =3866. 33-3848. 042621. 57-2590. 81 =18. 3430. 76 =0. 5962 y= yn=75. 67=10. 8| x= xn=50. 97=7. 2714| a=y-b x = 10. 8 – 0. 5962 (7. 2714) = 10. 8 – 4. 3352 = 6. 4648 Y= 6. 4648 + 0. 5962X (c) Hypothesis Testing H0 : ? =0Ha : 0 Se = y2-a y-b xyn -2 =818. 08-6. 464875. 6- 0. 5962(552. 34)7 -2 =818. 08-488. 74- 329. 315 =0. 08487 Sb =Se2 x2 –( x)2n =0. 084872374. 51 –(50. 9)27 =0. 00720244. 3943 =0. 04049 t=b- ? Sb =0. 5962-00. 04049 =14. 7264 t0. 052 , n-2=2. 571 From the t-distribution, the value is 2. 571. since the calculated t-value (14. 7264) is greater than value from the table, we reject null hypothesis that there is no relationship between the variable. (d) Proportion of total variation r2=SSRSST= (y – y )2 (y – y )2 = 1. 562081. 6 =0. 763 @ 97. 63% The regression equation â€Å"explains† 97. 63% of variation in the company sales. (e) F=SSRSST= (y – y )2 (y – y )2 n-2 = 1. 562080. 037897-2 = 206. 1335 The value of (F0. 05 , 1,5) from the F-distribution 6. 61. Since the calculated F-value (206. 1335) is greater than value from the table, we reject null hypothesis that there is no relationship between the no of construction permits issued and sales. (f) Y= 6. 4648 + 0. 5962X Y= 6. 4648 + 0. 5962(8. 00) Estimated sales for Phoenix Lumber Company in 1998 would be 11. 234 million. How to cite Economic, Papers

Meiji Strategy For Economic Growth Essays - Empire Of Japan, Asia

Meiji Strategy for Economic Growth The Meiji government during the 1880's created both an institutional and constitution structure that allowed Japan in the coming decades to be a stabile and industrializing country. Two major policies and strategies that reinforced stability and economic modernization in Japan were the creation of a national public education system and the ratification of the Meiji constitution. Both these aided in stability and thus economic growth. The creation of a national education system aided in creating stability because it indoctrinated youth in the ideas of loyalty, patriotism, and obedience. Japan's education system at first stressed free thought and the ideas of individual's exploration of knowledge but by 1890 the education system of Japan became a tool for indoctrination into what Peter Duus calls "a kind of civil religion" with the Imperial Rescript on Education. This Rescript stressed two things. First, it stressed loyalty to the emperor and to a lesser extant to the state. In every classroom a picture of the emperor was placed. Second, the education system stressed self sacrifice to the state and family. Filial piety was taught in schools and applied not only to the family but also to the national family which included father, teacher, official and employer. The Japanese education system also created a system of technical schools and universities both public and private that educated a growing class of Japanese on how to use new western machinery, administrate government and run private industries. The Japanese education system following the Rescript on Education served primarily to teach people what to think and not how to think; and as Edwin Reischauer stated, "Japan pioneered in the modern totalitarian technique of using the educational system for indoctrination and was in fact decades ahead of countries like Germany in perfecting these techniques." Japan's education system was a tool in creating for Japan a reliable citizenry who respected the government and had the knowledge to act as "technically efficient clogs" in the new industries and administration that an industrializing state created. The ratification of the Meiji constitution drafted in the summer of 1887 and signed into law in 1889 helped create a stable constitutional order in Japan. The constitution was a gift of the emperor to the people and was made up of a complicated set of checks and balances between the emperor, his cabinet, and the Diet. The constitution although it granted voting rights to only one percent of the population in Japan was well received by the people and played a critical role in lending legitimacy to the oligarchy (Genro) who ran the government. Before the constitution the Genro had little basis in theory for their continued rule other then they spoke for the emperor. But the constitution with its elections and bicameral diet lender legitimacy to the rule of the oligarchy. The constitution also brought Japan at least in the minds of the oligarchy to parity with western political institutions. Indeed, the ruling group in Japan passed the constitution through not because of popular pressure but because they thought a constitution and parliamentary government was a necessary part of the political machinery that helped make western powers strong. In the long term the parliamentary government of Japan and its constitution provided a stable government with its mix of oligarchy, monarchy, and a little democracy for the wealthy. It ensured investors and the Zaibutsu a say in government and promoted growth by creating a stabile government that was critical to ensuring investors will put capital in businesses. Both the new education and governmental structure of Japan passed in the 1880's and 1890's was essential to Japanese stability and economic and industrial growth.